History of the Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Batolomeo Vanzetti, died in the electric chair in 1927, and their case was widely seen as an injustice.  After convictions for murder, followed by a lengthy legal battle to clear their names, their executions were met with mass protests across America and Europe. Some aspects of the Sacco and Vanzetti case would not seem out of place in modern society. The two men were portrayed as dangerous foreigners. They were both members of anarchist groups, and faced trial at a time when political radicals engaged in brutal and dramatic acts of violence, including a 1920 terrorist bombing on Wall Street. Both men had avoided military service in World War I, at one point escaping the draft by going to Mexico. It was later rumored that their time spent in Mexico, in the company of other anarchists, had been spent  learning how to make bombs. Their long legal battle began following a violent and deadly payroll robbery on a Massachusetts street in the spring of 1920. The crime seemed to be a common robbery, not anything to do with radical politics. But when a police investigation led to Sacco and Vanzetti, their radical political history seemed to make them likely suspects. Before their trial  even began in 1921, prominent figures declared that the men were being framed. And donors came forward help them hire competent legal help. Following their conviction, protests against the United States broke out in European cities. A bomb was delivered to the American ambassador to Paris. In the United States, skepticism about the conviction surged. The demand that Sacco and Vanzetti be cleared continued for years as the men sat in prison. Eventually their legal appeals ran out, and they were executed in the electric chair  in the early hours of August 23, 1927. Nine decades after their deaths, the Sacco and Vanzetti case remains a disturbing episode in American history. The Robbery The armed robbery which began the Sacco and Vanzetti case was remarkable for the amount of cash stolen, $15,000 (early reports gave an even higher estimate), and because two gunmen shot two men in broad daylight. One victim died immediately and the other died the next day. It seemed to be the work of a brazen stick-up gang, not a crime that would turn into a prolonged political and social drama. The robbery occurred on April 15, 1920, on a street of a Boston suburb, South Braintree, Massachusetts. The paymaster of a local shoe company carried a box of cash, divided up into pay envelopes to be distributed to workers. The paymaster, along with an accompanying guard, were intercepted by two men who drew guns.   The robbers shot the paymaster and the guard, grabbed the cash box, and quickly jumped into a getaway car driven by an accomplice (and said to be holding other passengers). The robbers managed to drive off and disappear. The getaway car was later found abandoned in a nearby woods. Background of the Accused Sacco and Vanzetti were both born in Italy, and, coincidentally, both arrived in America in 1908. Nicola Sacco, who settled in Massachusetts, got into a training program for shoemakers and became a highly skilled worker with a good job in a shoe factory. He married, and had a young son at the time of his arrest. Bartolomeo Vanzetti, who arrived in New York, had a more difficult time in his new country. He struggled to find work, and had a succession of menial jobs before becoming a fish peddler in the Boston area. The two men met at some point through their interest in radical political causes. Both became exposed to anarchist handbills and newspapers during a time when labor unrest led to very contentious strikes across America. In New England, strikes at factories and mills turned into a radical cause and both men became involved with the anarchist movement. When the United States entered the World War in 1917, the federal government instituted a draft. Both Sacco and Vanzetti, along with other anarchists, traveled to Mexico to avoid serving in the military. In line with anarchist literature of the day, they claimed the war was unjust and was really motivated by business interests. The two men escaped prosecution for avoiding the draft, and after the war  they resumed their previous lives in Massachusetts. But they remained interested in the anarchist cause just as the Red Scare gripped the country.   The Trial Sacco and Vanzetti were not the original suspects in the robbery case. But when police sought to apprehend  someone they suspected, attention fell on Sacco and Vanzetti nearly by chance. The two men happened to be with the suspect when he went to retrieve a car, which the police had linked to the case. On the night of May 5, 1920, the two men were riding a streetcar after visiting a garage with two friends. Police, tracking the men who had been to the garage after receiving a tip, boarded the streetcar and arrested Sacco and Vanzetti on a vague charge of being suspicious characters. Both men were carrying pistols, and they were held in a local jail on a concealed weapons charge. And as the police began to investigate their lives, suspicion fell on them for the armed robbery a few weeks earlier in South Braintree. The links to anarchist groups soon became apparent, and searches of their apartments turned up radical literature. The police theory of the case was that the robbery must have been part of an anarchist plot to fund violent activities. Sacco and Vanzetti were soon charged with murder. Additionally, Vanzetti was charged, and quickly put on trial and convicted, of another armed robbery in which a clerk was killed. By the time the two men were put on trial for the deadly robbery at the shoe company their case was being widely publicized.  The New York Times, on May 30, 1921, published an article describing the defense strategy. Supporters of Sacco and Vanzetti maintained the men were being tried not for robbery and murder but for being foreign radicals. A sub-headline read, Charge Two Radicals Are Victims of Department of Justice Plot. Despite the public support and the enlistment of a talented legal team, the two men were convicted on July 14, 1921, following a trial of several weeks. The police evidence rested on eyewitness testimony, some of which was contradictory, and disputed ballistics evidence that seemed to show a bullet fired in the robbery came from Vanzettis pistol. Campaign  for Justice For the next six years, the two men sat in prison as legal challenges to their original conviction played out. The trial judge, Webster Thayer, steadfastly refused to grant a new trial (as he could have under Massachusetts law). Legal scholars, including Felix Frankfurter, a professor at Harvard Law School and a future justice on the U.S. Supreme Court, argued about the case. Frankfurter published a book expressing his doubts about whether the two defendants had received a fair trial. Around the world, the Sacco and Vanzetti case turned into a popular cause. The United States legal system was criticized in rallies in major European cities. And violent attacks, including bombings, were aimed at American institutions overseas. In October 1921, the American ambassador in Paris had a bomb sent to him in a package marked perfumes. The bomb detonated, slightly wounding the ambassadors valet. The New York Times, in a front-page story about the incident, noted that the bomb seemed to be part of a campaign by Reds outraged about the Sacco and Vanzetti trial. The long legal fight over the case went on for years. During that time, anarchists used the case as an example of how the United States was a fundamentally unjust society.   In the spring of 1927, the two men were finally sentenced to death. As the execution date drew near, more rallies and protests were held in Europe and across the United States.   The two men died in the electric chair in a Boston prison early on the morning of August 23, 1927. The event was major news, and the New York Times of that day carried a large headline about their execution across the entire top of the front page.   Legacy of Sacco and Vanzetti The controversy over Sacco and Vanzetti never entirely faded away. Over the nine decades since their conviction and execution many books have been written on the subject. Investigators have looked at the case and have even examined the evidence using  new technology. But serious doubts still remain about misconduct by the police and prosecutors and whether the two men received a fair trial.   Various  works of fiction and poetry  were inspired by their case. Folksinger  Woody Guthrie  wrote a series of songs about them. In  The Flood and The Storm  Guthrie sang, More millions did march for Sacco and Vanzetti  than did march for the great War Lords.

Teamwork and Accountability - 1472 Words

Biography Tracy Harper is the newest member of Optimal Outcomes, Inc. For the past 20 years she has worked with two Illinois Fortune 500 Companies, Apple and Wal-Mart Stores, as a Corporate Social Responsibility Officer. Her primary role with OOI will be to assist clients in effectively planning the goals and objectives of the organization and developing business models that monitor and ensure compliance with ethical standards, norms and laws. Teamwork Teamwork has become increasingly more popular in organizations. In order for teams to be successful it is important that individuals have the tools necessary to align their tasks with a shared goal. Teams must be able to provide the necessary feedback and support to continue to improve the†¦show more content†¦Many of the members were reserved and often needed prompting and encouraging to share. The returning members had had a strong connection with one another through a previous group and made the sharing look easy. This visual success was encouraging to the whole group. As the weeks passes the group became more cohesive and their expectations of one another grew. They began to hold one another accountable for meeting their common goal of becoming an invested community of believers. Week after week they came back to share and engage with one another. Concerns Despite the sharing of a common goal there was one member that was not able to enter into conversation during the small group time. She would often sit with her arms folded as if she were merely an observer in the group. She became increasingly distant and refused to share herself with other women in the group. Was this behavior something that the group was willing to accept? According to Levi, group accountability is only present when team members agree to â€Å"call each other on performance or behavior issues that are detrimental to the success of the team.†(Levi, 2014, p. ) Which team member was going to be brave enough to let her know that her silence and lack of participation was not acceptable? With our single leader discipline model what option’s does the team have? Is it at this point that we must move to a team discipline? If we consider the three dimensions of the disciplineShow MoreRelatedPersonal Accountability: A Study of Teamwork1118 Words   |  4 Pag esPersonal Accountability: A Study of Teamwork Introduction The dictionary defines the term accountability as an obligation or willingness to take or accept responsibility for ones actions (Merriam Webster, 1). This term is, often time, elusive, especially in daily life. 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Reflection on Business Law-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a Reflection on Business Law. Answer: Australian business law includes a varied range of laws and regulations in consumer protection(Gillespie, 2007). This course has provided me several insights regarding various regulations that can easily applied in the practical business world. There has been high transfer of knowledge and learning in this course. Learning business laws is extremely relevant and critical learning from it can render relevant insights into business field. Learning various concept and theories from business law can be applied in various aspects. Once I will be employed in any organisation, such knowledge can easily be applied in case of any legal or regulatory matters. Knowledge in business laws are increasingly important as they help in various practical cases. Business laws also includes various laws for consumer, which can act towards development of better customer relationships. I can derive laws from sections as I already know which regulations are present under which sub-sections. However, I have never applied any laws or regulations hence, I lack skills in application(Elliott, 2008). I do not have complete knowledge in regards to intricate business laws and regulations. Prior to applying relevant knowledge and skills, I needs to gain through knowledge in all laws. I will be able to enhance my knowledge by way of case study and past cases resolutions. This will not only increase my knowledge but also my application skills. I will aim to excel in knowledge and skill of business laws such that I can become proficient in the domain. Reference Lists Elliott, I. . 2008. Independent self-construal, self-reflection, and self-rumination: A path model for predicting happiness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 127-134. Gillespie, A. 2007. The social basis of self-reflection.